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Video isn't just about pictures,

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it's also about sound.

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Without the audio you would have to guess what this film is about.

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Frustrating, isn't it?

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Not knowing what's going on.

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That's the situation for everyone who can't hear.

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Captions make videos accessible.

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Which is also handy for people who want to watch video in loud environments.

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Or where you need to be very, very quiet.

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There's something about great design

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that allows it to go practically unnoticed.

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But it doesn't take much to make things confusing and frustrating.

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Choosing colors with poor contrast makes navigating, reading, and interacting a real pain.

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Good design means sufficient contrast between foreground and background colors.

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That's not just text and images but links, icons, and buttons.

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If it's important enough to be seen, then it needs to be clear.

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And this is essential for people with low contrast sensitivity.

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Which becomes more common as we age.

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With good colors, websites and applications

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can be easier to use in more situations.

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Like in different lighting conditions.

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Imagine if you could only communicate with your family by writing.

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Sometimes it's just easier to speak.

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One of the advances of technology is voice recognition.

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Whether it's searching the Web:

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"Nineteenth Century Architecture."

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Dictating emails:

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"Send email to Jack Harding."

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Or controlling your navigation app.

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Many people with physical disabilities

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rely on voice recognition to use the computer.

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"Place order."

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But for that to happen websites and apps need to be properly coded.

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"Go? Cancel?"

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Voice recognition could help lots of other people

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with temporary limitations too, like an injured arm.

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"Place order."

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It can also prevent injuries becoming worse,

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like RSI: Repetitive Stress Injury.

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Or for people simply preferring voice.

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"Some people can't see the text on this screen."

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"Fortunately, computers can convert text to speech."

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It's technology that many people who are blind have been relying on for years.

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But it's also important for many people with dyslexia.

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And very useful for people who have difficulty reading text.

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As well as some people who just like to multi-task.

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But for this to work,

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websites and apps have to be properly coded.

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Which has the added benefit of helping search engines index websites' contents better.

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Poor layout can be very frustrating.

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And the same applies to the Web.

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Good design involves good layout

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and that means a better user experience.

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This includes clear headings, navigation bars, and consistent styling.

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Any web user will get frustrated with bad layout and design.

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Complex layouts also make finding information difficult

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or impossible for people with visual disabilities.

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And they are confusing for people with cognitive and learning disabilities

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who need clarity and consistency of the presentation.

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Bad design also impacts anyone who isn't particularly confident around computers.

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All the right gears can be put in motion.

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The hands can be at the exact place they need to be.

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But if you don't get the response that you're expecting,

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you'll end up wondering if there's some sort of problem.

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It's the same on the Web.

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Without clear notifications and feedback,

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people are quickly disorientated and confused.

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Especially error messages which are often complex and confusing.

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Yet making the understandable is usually quite simple.

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Making websites and apps predictable and understandable

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makes them accessible to people with cognitive and learning disabilities,

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and more usable for everyone.

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Especially for people with lower computer skills.

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Trying to hit a small target requires lots of effort.

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Many websites and applications try to thread the needle.

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But on the Web, we can make areas for clicking and tapping larger and easier to use.

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Which is handy on mobile devices

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especially when we might be moving around at the time.

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Which is critical for people with reduced dexterity.

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What's right for you

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doesn't necessarily work for the next person.

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Customization isn't always just a question of preference though.

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Sometimes, it's a necessity.

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Being able to adjust the text is crucial with low vision and dyslexia.

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Properly coded websites and applications allow the text to be customized.

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For example, to change its size, spacing, font, and colors

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without loss of functions or clarity.

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Instead of saying:

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"To postulate a conceit more irksome

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than being addressed in sesquipedalian syntax is adamantine",

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it is better to say:

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"Being spoken to in unnecessarily long

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and complicated language is a pain".

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Yet many websites lack structuring

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using headings, lists, and separations.

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Or they use overly complex language, jargon,

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and unexplained acronyms.

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It makes them difficult and unappealing for many people,

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including non-native speakers,

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and makes them unusable for people with cognitive and learning disabilities.

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Not being able to use your computer

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because you mouse doesn't work, is frustrating.

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Many people use only the keyboard to navigate websites.

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Either through preference or circumstance.

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Whether it's temporarily limited mobility,

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a permanent physical disability,

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or simply a broken mouse,

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the result is the same:

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Websites and apps need to be operable by keyboard.

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Web accessibility: Essential for some, useful for all.