1
00:00:00,960 --> 00:00:05,000
This video from the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative

2
00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:10,120
introduces some of the tools and techniques that people with disabilities use to interact with the web. 

3
00:00:10,120 --> 00:00:15,040
Some use specialized software or hardware, called assistive technology.

4
00:00:15,040 --> 00:00:19,000
Others adapt standard software or hardware to better meet their needs.

5
00:00:19,720 --> 00:00:23,880
Perception - hearing, feeling and seeing.

6
00:00:24,680 --> 00:00:26,320
When content is accessible,

7
00:00:26,320 --> 00:00:28,360
people can perceive it through different senses,

8
00:00:28,360 --> 00:00:30,800
depending on their needs and preferences.

9
00:00:30,800 --> 00:00:31,760
For example,

10
00:00:31,760 --> 00:00:33,360
some people who can't see a screen

11
00:00:33,360 --> 00:00:34,400
or hear audio,

12
00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:35,920
rely on websites and apps

13
00:00:35,920 --> 00:00:37,120
that can present the information

14
00:00:37,120 --> 00:00:38,600
in different ways.

15
00:00:38,600 --> 00:00:39,960
People who are blind may

16
00:00:39,960 --> 00:00:41,240
use assistive technology

17
00:00:41,240 --> 00:00:43,000
on computers and mobile phones

18
00:00:43,000 --> 00:00:44,680
called screen readers.

19
00:00:44,680 --> 00:00:46,000
These software tools

20
00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:48,320
read the information on the screen out loud,

21
00:00:48,320 --> 00:00:50,560
or they can present it in braille.

22
00:00:51,720 --> 00:00:52,400
Bird.

23
00:00:52,400 --> 00:00:53,560
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates

24
00:00:53,560 --> 00:00:54,720
constituting the class Aves,

25
00:00:54,720 --> 00:00:55,400
(/’eIvi:z/)

26
00:00:55,400 --> 00:00:57,840
characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of

27
00:00:58,200 --> 00:01:00,240
Screen readers process websites and apps

28
00:01:00,240 --> 00:01:01,920
with correctly coded headings,

29
00:01:01,920 --> 00:01:06,400
lists, links, buttons, and other structures much better.

30
00:01:06,400 --> 00:01:08,840
People who are blind rely on hearing or touch,

31
00:01:08,840 --> 00:01:10,440
rather than sight.

32
00:01:10,440 --> 00:01:11,280
For video,

33
00:01:11,280 --> 00:01:12,720
content creators need to ensure

34
00:01:12,720 --> 00:01:14,360
that visual information is provided

35
00:01:14,360 --> 00:01:16,720
in auditory form as well.

36
00:01:18,320 --> 00:01:19,560
Often these descriptions

37
00:01:19,560 --> 00:01:21,040
of visual information can be placed

38
00:01:21,040 --> 00:01:23,080
in existing pauses in the audio,

39
00:01:23,080 --> 00:01:24,440
or the script can be created

40
00:01:24,440 --> 00:01:26,280
from the start with sufficient description

41
00:01:26,280 --> 00:01:28,040
of the scenes, characters,

42
00:01:28,040 --> 00:01:30,120
and other important visual information.

43
00:01:30,920 --> 00:01:32,280
People who are deaf-blind

44
00:01:32,280 --> 00:01:35,080
also use screen readers to present the information

45
00:01:35,080 --> 00:01:36,440
using a device called a

46
00:01:36,440 --> 00:01:38,800
Refreshable Braille display.

47
00:01:38,800 --> 00:01:40,520
Braille characters are a combination

48
00:01:40,520 --> 00:01:42,040
of raised or lowered dots,

49
00:01:42,040 --> 00:01:43,880
which people read by scanning over them

50
00:01:43,880 --> 00:01:45,520
with their fingertips.

51
00:01:45,520 --> 00:01:48,320
Similarly to people who are blind and deaf-blind,

52
00:01:48,320 --> 00:01:50,640
people who are Deaf or hard of hearing

53
00:01:50,640 --> 00:01:52,920
may use haptic feedback too;

54
00:01:52,920 --> 00:01:55,600
for example, through vibration alerts on a mobile phone

55
00:01:55,600 --> 00:01:57,640
instead of auditory notifications.

56
00:01:57,880 --> 00:02:00,200
People who are Deaf or hard of hearing

57
00:02:00,200 --> 00:02:02,920
often rely on seeing instead of hearing.

58
00:02:02,920 --> 00:02:04,760
For example, while watching a video

59
00:02:04,760 --> 00:02:07,000
they may use captions or sign language

60
00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:09,240
as an alternative to the audio.

61
00:02:09,920 --> 00:02:12,160
You can help

62
00:02:13,120 --> 00:02:16,000
make technology

63
00:02:16,600 --> 00:02:18,000
accessible

64
00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:19,280
to me.

65
00:02:22,040 --> 00:02:25,080
Accessibility: It's about people. 

66
00:02:27,120 --> 00:02:29,480
Presentation: distinguishing

67
00:02:29,640 --> 00:02:31,200
and understanding.

68
00:02:33,560 --> 00:02:35,120
When content is accessible,

69
00:02:35,120 --> 00:02:37,760
people can adjust its presentation to make it easier

70
00:02:37,760 --> 00:02:39,560
to distinguish and understand.

71
00:02:39,800 --> 00:02:41,000
This could include adjusting

72
00:02:41,000 --> 00:02:42,200
screen size and color

73
00:02:42,200 --> 00:02:43,320
to see better,

74
00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:44,600
adjusting audio volume

75
00:02:44,600 --> 00:02:46,400
to hear better, or adjusting

76
00:02:46,400 --> 00:02:49,480
how text is presented to read it better.

77
00:02:51,160 --> 00:02:52,520
Some people with low vision

78
00:02:52,520 --> 00:02:53,600
increased the text size

79
00:02:53,600 --> 00:02:55,360
to make it easier to read.

80
00:02:55,360 --> 00:02:56,560
They might adjust properties

81
00:02:56,560 --> 00:02:58,760
in the web browser or operating system,

82
00:02:58,760 --> 00:02:59,720
such as increasing

83
00:02:59,720 --> 00:03:00,960
the default text size,

84
00:03:00,960 --> 00:03:02,080
font type, and line

85
00:03:02,080 --> 00:03:04,080
spacing to better see the text.

86
00:03:04,680 --> 00:03:06,520
Websites and apps that are programmed

87
00:03:06,520 --> 00:03:08,520
and designed to adapt to these properties,

88
00:03:08,520 --> 00:03:10,280
allow people to use the content

89
00:03:10,280 --> 00:03:11,880
without the text overlapping,

90
00:03:11,880 --> 00:03:12,960
getting cropped,

91
00:03:12,960 --> 00:03:14,320
or requiring them to scroll

92
00:03:14,320 --> 00:03:17,040
both vertically and horizontally.

93
00:03:18,560 --> 00:03:19,920
Other people with low vision

94
00:03:19,920 --> 00:03:21,560
increase everything on the screen,

95
00:03:21,560 --> 00:03:23,120
not only text.

96
00:03:23,120 --> 00:03:25,480
They might use screen magnification software

97
00:03:25,480 --> 00:03:27,640
as a digital magnifying glass.

98
00:03:27,640 --> 00:03:29,440
Some might also change the text

99
00:03:29,440 --> 00:03:30,440
and background colors

100
00:03:30,440 --> 00:03:31,920
to better read the text

101
00:03:31,920 --> 00:03:33,200
and text-to-speech

102
00:03:33,200 --> 00:03:36,000
to hear the text while they're reading.

103
00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:37,520
This means that websites and apps

104
00:03:37,520 --> 00:03:39,080
need to be programmed and designed

105
00:03:39,080 --> 00:03:41,240
to allow people to change the colors

106
00:03:41,240 --> 00:03:42,400
rather than forcing them

107
00:03:42,400 --> 00:03:44,560
to appear in a certain way.

108
00:03:45,840 --> 00:03:48,040
Presentation is not only visual.

109
00:03:48,040 --> 00:03:50,600
People with auditory disabilities, for example,

110
00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:51,600
might need to increase

111
00:03:51,600 --> 00:03:53,120
the volume of online meetings

112
00:03:53,120 --> 00:03:54,880
and multimedia like videos,

113
00:03:54,880 --> 00:03:56,360
podcasts and music,

114
00:03:56,360 --> 00:03:58,160
without increasing the volume of other

115
00:03:58,160 --> 00:04:01,080
system sounds like notification alerts.

116
00:04:01,080 --> 00:04:02,280
Adjusting the bass,

117
00:04:02,280 --> 00:04:04,000
treble and balance of the sound

118
00:04:04,000 --> 00:04:06,000
can make the audio easier to hear,

119
00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:08,320
so operating systems and media players

120
00:04:08,320 --> 00:04:10,080
need to provide these settings.

121
00:04:10,240 --> 00:04:11,520
Also, these settings work

122
00:04:11,520 --> 00:04:13,040
better with high quality audio

123
00:04:13,040 --> 00:04:15,080
that does not have background noise.

124
00:04:16,480 --> 00:04:17,760
Presentation adjustments

125
00:04:17,760 --> 00:04:19,240
can also make content easier

126
00:04:19,240 --> 00:04:20,400
to focus on,

127
00:04:20,400 --> 00:04:21,440
particularly for people

128
00:04:21,440 --> 00:04:23,000
with different types of cognitive

129
00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:24,600
and learning disabilities.

130
00:04:24,800 --> 00:04:26,160
This includes “reading modes”

131
00:04:26,160 --> 00:04:28,440
that hide less relevant parts of the content,

132
00:04:28,440 --> 00:04:30,600
such as sidebars and front matter;

133
00:04:30,600 --> 00:04:32,040
pop up and animation blockers

134
00:04:32,040 --> 00:04:33,320
that help avoid distraction

135
00:04:33,320 --> 00:04:34,440
and interruption;

136
00:04:34,440 --> 00:04:36,040
and digital reading rules

137
00:04:36,040 --> 00:04:36,840
that help readers

138
00:04:36,840 --> 00:04:39,320
focus on one line at a time.

139
00:04:40,520 --> 00:04:41,920
Some reading assistants,

140
00:04:41,920 --> 00:04:42,960
for example, those that 

141
00:04:42,960 --> 00:04:44,880
some people with dyslexia might use

142
00:04:44,880 --> 00:04:46,520
adjust how the text is presented

143
00:04:46,520 --> 00:04:48,480
to make it easier to read.

144
00:04:48,480 --> 00:04:50,200
This includes changing the font type,

145
00:04:50,200 --> 00:04:52,000
text size, colors

146
00:04:52,000 --> 00:04:53,720
and the spacing between letters,

147
00:04:53,720 --> 00:04:55,760
sentences and paragraphs.

148
00:04:55,760 --> 00:04:58,240
Some people read better with serif-type fonts

149
00:04:58,240 --> 00:05:00,280
and others with sensory fonts.

150
00:05:00,560 --> 00:05:02,360
Adjusting these properties are individual

151
00:05:02,360 --> 00:05:03,920
from one person to another,

152
00:05:03,920 --> 00:05:05,000
which is why flexible

153
00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:07,160
design is so important.

154
00:05:08,680 --> 00:05:09,800
Other reading assistants

155
00:05:09,800 --> 00:05:11,360
support comprehension.

156
00:05:11,360 --> 00:05:12,720
Some can process a text

157
00:05:12,720 --> 00:05:14,600
to simplify words and phrases,

158
00:05:14,600 --> 00:05:16,240
and sometimes also simplify

159
00:05:16,240 --> 00:05:17,920
complex sentences.

160
00:05:17,920 --> 00:05:19,280
These tools rely on proper

161
00:05:19,280 --> 00:05:22,280
programming and design to work.

162
00:05:22,280 --> 00:05:26,720
You can help make technology accessible to me.

163
00:05:27,160 --> 00:05:30,320
Accessibility: It’s about people.

164
00:05:32,360 --> 00:05:36,800
Input - Typing, Writing and Clicking

165
00:05:37,840 --> 00:05:42,160
When content is accessible, people can 
use a variety of hardware and software

166
00:05:42,160 --> 00:05:44,400
to enter text and activate commands.

167
00:05:45,520 --> 00:05:47,720
Some people do not use keyboards

168
00:05:47,720 --> 00:05:50,040
and use only pointing devices instead.

169
00:05:50,280 --> 00:05:52,280
This could include a specialised mouse,

170
00:05:52,280 --> 00:05:53,880
joystick, trackball,

171
00:05:54,040 --> 00:05:58,440
or touch screen to click links and buttons
and to type on on-screen keyboards.

172
00:05:58,440 --> 00:06:00,520
However, even when using these tools,

173
00:06:00,520 --> 00:06:01,920
people might have difficulty

174
00:06:01,920 --> 00:06:03,480
selecting small targets,

175
00:06:03,480 --> 00:06:06,280
such as small links, buttons and controls.

176
00:06:06,640 --> 00:06:10,240
Websites and apps with large
clickable areas around checkboxes,

177
00:06:10,440 --> 00:06:12,520
radio buttons, and other controls,

178
00:06:12,520 --> 00:06:14,040
are easier to use for people

179
00:06:14,040 --> 00:06:15,320
with limited mobility

180
00:06:15,320 --> 00:06:16,800
and reduced dexterity.

181
00:06:18,080 --> 00:06:20,600
Websites and apps also
need to provide support

182
00:06:20,600 --> 00:06:22,560
for people who use the keyboard only.

183
00:06:23,200 --> 00:06:26,280
This includes providing ways
to skip over repeated content,

184
00:06:26,280 --> 00:06:29,720
such as headers and navigation bars, 
as well as not breaking the default

185
00:06:29,720 --> 00:06:32,880
functionality in browsers
and operating systems.

186
00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:33,960
For example,

187
00:06:33,960 --> 00:06:35,800
using the Tab key to move around

188
00:06:35,800 --> 00:06:37,440
clickable items in the content,

189
00:06:37,440 --> 00:06:39,720
using the Enter key for selecting items,

190
00:06:39,720 --> 00:06:42,160
and making the currently active item visible

191
00:06:42,160 --> 00:06:44,520
by showing a rectangular box around it.

192
00:06:44,520 --> 00:06:47,880
Websites and apps that provide
word prediction and accelerators,

193
00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:49,640
for example for search terms,

194
00:06:49,640 --> 00:06:51,320
reduce the amount of typing,

195
00:06:51,320 --> 00:06:52,720
and make them more efficient

196
00:06:52,720 --> 00:06:54,000
for keyboard users.

197
00:06:55,320 --> 00:06:59,080
Additionally, not everyone using
only the keyboard can see the screen;

198
00:06:59,080 --> 00:07:01,600
for example, people who are blind.

199
00:07:01,600 --> 00:07:04,600
So, in addition to
ensuring keyboard support,

200
00:07:04,600 --> 00:07:07,840
websites and apps also need
to provide clear instructions, 

201
00:07:07,840 --> 00:07:12,160
labels for form controls, error
messages, and status notifications,

202
00:07:12,520 --> 00:07:14,840
so that people know what
is happening on the screen.

203
00:07:15,360 --> 00:07:19,200
Websites and apps need to help people
find and correct mistakes in their input;

204
00:07:19,600 --> 00:07:23,000
for example, by showing a summary
of the entered data before submitting it.

205
00:07:23,440 --> 00:07:26,440
They also need to provide sufficient
time to complete tasks,

206
00:07:26,760 --> 00:07:28,960
or avoid timing limitations altogether.

207
00:07:29,560 --> 00:07:32,480
Many people with disabilities
require more time to navigate

208
00:07:32,480 --> 00:07:35,560
and orient themselves in the
content, and to click and type.

209
00:07:36,040 --> 00:07:39,200
In particular, people with cognitive
and learning disabilities.

210
00:07:40,200 --> 00:07:44,400
Finally, websites and apps also need
to consider people who do not use

211
00:07:44,400 --> 00:07:47,800
keyboard or pointing devices at all,
and use speech input instead.

212
00:07:48,240 --> 00:07:51,400
For example, websites and apps
need to be programmed and designed

213
00:07:51,480 --> 00:07:52,760
so that the name of a button

214
00:07:52,760 --> 00:07:55,920
in the software code matches
the name displayed to the user.

215
00:07:56,680 --> 00:07:57,960
Click send email.

216
00:07:58,760 --> 00:08:01,480
You can help make technology
accessible to me.

217
00:08:03,040 --> 00:08:05,960
Accessibility: it's about people.

218
00:08:09,600 --> 00:08:12,600
Interaction - navigation and finding

219
00:08:14,480 --> 00:08:16,400
When content is accessible,

220
00:08:16,400 --> 00:08:18,480
people can navigate and find information

221
00:08:18,480 --> 00:08:20,760
using different strategies and approaches

222
00:08:20,760 --> 00:08:22,280
depending on their preferences,

223
00:08:22,280 --> 00:08:25,160
skills and abilities.

224
00:08:25,160 --> 00:08:26,920
Many people with cognitive

225
00:08:26,920 --> 00:08:28,280
and learning disabilities

226
00:08:28,280 --> 00:08:30,160
rely on clear layout and design

227
00:08:30,160 --> 00:08:33,280
to find information on websites and apps.

228
00:08:33,280 --> 00:08:34,400
This includes different ways

229
00:08:34,400 --> 00:08:35,960
of navigating the content,

230
00:08:35,960 --> 00:08:37,840
such as using hierarchical menus

231
00:08:37,840 --> 00:08:39,760
as well as search functionality;

232
00:08:39,760 --> 00:08:41,280
with visual orientation cues,

233
00:08:41,280 --> 00:08:42,840
such as using background colors

234
00:08:42,840 --> 00:08:44,080
to indicate different parts

235
00:08:44,080 --> 00:08:45,120
of the content,

236
00:08:45,120 --> 00:08:46,640
using unique headings,

237
00:08:46,640 --> 00:08:48,080
and placing relevant information

238
00:08:48,080 --> 00:08:49,960
in prominent areas.

239
00:08:49,960 --> 00:08:51,360
It's also important to use

240
00:08:51,360 --> 00:08:53,600
a consistent and predictable design.

241
00:08:54,600 --> 00:08:56,880
While many of these are typically usability

242
00:08:56,880 --> 00:08:58,600
aspects that affect people with

243
00:08:58,600 --> 00:09:00,240
and without disabilities,

244
00:09:00,240 --> 00:09:01,480
these situations often

245
00:09:01,480 --> 00:09:04,680
affect people with disabilities to a greater extent.

246
00:09:04,680 --> 00:09:05,560
For example,

247
00:09:05,560 --> 00:09:06,560
people with low vision

248
00:09:06,560 --> 00:09:08,160
who use screen magnification

249
00:09:08,160 --> 00:09:10,800
also rely on visual orientation cues

250
00:09:10,800 --> 00:09:13,120
to orient themselves and find information

251
00:09:13,120 --> 00:09:14,520
on websites and apps.

252
00:09:15,480 --> 00:09:18,560
And consistency predictability helps everyone.

253
00:09:18,560 --> 00:09:19,240
For example,

254
00:09:19,240 --> 00:09:21,080
people who are blind use screen readers

255
00:09:21,080 --> 00:09:22,800
to scan the content structures,

256
00:09:22,800 --> 00:09:23,880
such as headings,

257
00:09:23,880 --> 00:09:25,760
links, and navigational menus

258
00:09:25,760 --> 00:09:28,360
to get an overview and orient themselves.

259
00:09:28,360 --> 00:09:29,920
Websites and apps with clear

260
00:09:29,920 --> 00:09:31,280
and consistent headings,

261
00:09:31,280 --> 00:09:33,040
labels and structures

262
00:09:33,040 --> 00:09:33,800
make the content

263
00:09:33,800 --> 00:09:36,200
more predictable and easier to navigate.

264
00:09:37,960 --> 00:09:39,040
In addition,

265
00:09:39,040 --> 00:09:41,040
people who are blind rely on mechanisms

266
00:09:41,040 --> 00:09:42,960
to skip over blocks of content,

267
00:09:42,960 --> 00:09:44,040
such as headings,

268
00:09:44,040 --> 00:09:45,080
navigation bars,

269
00:09:45,080 --> 00:09:46,000
or menus,

270
00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:48,520
repeated within websites and apps.

271
00:09:48,520 --> 00:09:50,840
They also rely on websites and apps to provide

272
00:09:50,840 --> 00:09:52,040
clear instructions

273
00:09:52,040 --> 00:09:53,520
and help users identify

274
00:09:53,520 --> 00:09:54,840
and correct mistakes,

275
00:09:54,840 --> 00:09:56,200
such as incorrect dates,

276
00:09:56,200 --> 00:09:58,360
numbers and other input.

277
00:09:59,440 --> 00:10:00,400
In addition,

278
00:10:00,400 --> 00:10:02,040
people with physical disabilities

279
00:10:02,040 --> 00:10:04,440
rely on consistent labels which allow browsers

280
00:10:04,440 --> 00:10:07,320
to optionally remember previous entries.

281
00:10:07,320 --> 00:10:08,640
This speeds up typing

282
00:10:08,640 --> 00:10:10,800
because people can select previous entries,

283
00:10:10,800 --> 00:10:13,480
for example, names and addresses.

284
00:10:13,480 --> 00:10:16,920
You can help make technology
accessible to me.

285
00:10:18,080 --> 00:10:21,000
Accessibility: it's about people.

286
00:10:21,800 --> 00:10:22,600
For more information

287
00:10:22,600 --> 00:10:24,280
from the Web Accessibility Initiative

288
00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:25,800
on How People With Disabilities

289
00:10:25,800 --> 00:10:27,280
Use Digital Technology

290
00:10:27,280 --> 00:10:32,000
visit w3.org/WAI/people