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This video from the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative

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introduces the wide diversity of people and abilities.

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It shows some of the barriers faced by people with disabilities when using digital technology.

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Auditory Disabilities.

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Auditory disabilities affect how people
hear, including hearing less in one

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Auditory Disabilities.

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or both ears,
not hearing, and hearing sounds

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in a range of different ways.

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High-quality sound is important
for many people with reduced hearing.

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Audio needs to be clear and background
noise low

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to make speech easier to understand.

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Websites and apps that allow users
to adjust the volume of the audio

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that it is currently playing

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without changing the volume for other
sounds from the computer, such

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as notifications, make it easier
for people to hear the audio.

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Some people with auditory disabilities
use hearing devices but this does

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not always mean they can hear all audio,
or hear it clearly.

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Websites and apps that do not rely on
audio alone make it easier for people

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with different types of auditory
disabilities to perceive the information.

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This includes using visual alerts
and haptic feedback,

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such as vibration on mobile
phones, in addition to audio.

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Another example of

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visual alternatives to audio are captions.

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Captions provide important audio
information in text format.

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They indicate
who is speaking and important sounds,

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such as significant
sound effects in a movie.

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Many people who use captions need
to adjust the text size,

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font, and color
to make the captions more readable.

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While automatic captions
are gradually improving,

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they are usually too inaccurate
to rely on as an alternative.

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For example, they don't 
recognise specialized terms well

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and the sentences can sometimes
run together,

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making it hard to keep up.

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While many people
with auditory disabilities

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do not use sign language, for many
it is their primary language.

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There are many sign languages in different
countries, regions, and cultures.

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Sign language is also different
from written and spoken language.

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That means people are often
translating between sign language

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and written language,

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and people’s levels of understanding
of written language can vary.

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In order to see sign language

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clearly, people rely on high-quality video
transmissions.

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This includes needing access to high-speed
internet and devices

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that can handle high-quality video.

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People with auditory disabilities
also include people who are deaf-blind.

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Many people who are deaf-blind
rely on communication that is tactile,

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like braille.

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Portable braille displays can convert text
on the computer

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to braille letters
that can be felt on the fingertips.

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And for multimedia, like videos, people
rely on descriptive transcripts.

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This is text, such as an article
or script, that contains all the audio

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and visual information so that the video
can be understood without watching it.

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You can help make technology

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accessible to me.

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Accessibility: It's about people.

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Cognitive and Learning Disabilities.

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Cognitive and learning disabilities

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affect how people process, understand
and remember information.

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They cover a wide range
of cognitive differences and disabilities,

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and many of them do not affect
overall intelligence.

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For example, many people have varying
degrees of dyslexia.

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Dyslexia affects the ability to recognise
and sound out written words

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which impact
spelling and reading comprehension.

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Websites and apps with sufficient white
space and headings to separate the content

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make it easier for people to read.

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Clear navigation with distinct section headers

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also make it easier for people to navigate
through the content.

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Websites and apps
also need to work with reading tools,

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including tools
that adjust how the text is presented,

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read the text aloud,
and help with spelling and grammar.

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Similarly, some people have varying degrees
of dyscalculia.

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Dyscalculia affects the ability to process

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and work with numbers
in mathematical concepts.

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Websites and apps
that provide alternatives to

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mathematical abstractions, are easier to use
for people with dyscalculia.

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This could include showing a progress bar
instead of or

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in addition to showing a percentage.

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Websites
and apps can also provide visual aids

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and text descriptions for things
like schedules and temperatures.

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People have varying degrees of memory

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abilities,
including short-term and working memory.

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Reduced short-term memory effects,
the ability to remember new things

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such as passwords or where in a process
someone might be,

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especially in stressful situations.

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Websites and apps with clear navigation
and layout, prominent

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and unique page titles
and distinct instructions and cues

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can make it easier for people
to remember where they are in the content.

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Websites and apps can also help people
remember information

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they have previously added,
such as addresses and telephone numbers.

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People might have different
levels of attention and focus.

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This includes people with attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD,

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brain trauma, age
related forgetfulness and dementia.

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These cognitive differences affect
the ability to focus and to resume a task

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after the user is distracted.

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In addition to

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breaking up longer passages of text
and using headings, websites and apps

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without pop up windows and automatically
playing videos, sounds or animations

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make it easier for people to focus
and follow the content.

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Some people experience difficulty
orienting themselves

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in layouts and visual designs
that are new to them.

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It may also be difficult for them

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to learn new keystrokes or gestures
needed for interaction.

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Websites and apps with consistent
and predictable designs

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and with clear and distinct instructions
make it easier

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for people to know where they are
and complete tasks.

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You can help make technology accessible.

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To me.

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Accessibility.

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It's about people.

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Physical Disabilities.

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Physical disabilities affect how people move,

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including an inability to move,

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limited mobility,

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a lack of coordination,

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tremors and involuntary movement,

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pain that impedes movement,

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as well as missing and non-typical limbs.

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People who use a mouse might
have difficulty with fine motor control.

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For example, tremors, non-typical joints,
pain, or fatigue can prevent people

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from being able to select small targets,
such as small links, buttons and controls.

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Websites and apps with large clickable
areas around checkboxes, radio buttons,

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and other controls, are easier to use
for people with limited mobility

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and reduced dexterity.

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Other people use speech input instead.

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While speech input uses the
keyboard interface in the background,

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websites and apps that are programmed and
designed with consideration for speech input

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are more effective.

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For example, when the name of a button in
the code matches the name displayed visually,

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people using speech input
know what they need to say

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to click that button.

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Click send email.

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Some people do not use a mouse,
touch screen, or other pointing devices.

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They might use specialised
keyboards with larger keys,

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or more space between the keys.

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Some use tools such as a 
mouthstick or headstick to type.

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Websites and apps that make functions

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visibly clear with active focus styles

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and usable with keyboard only

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are easier to use for

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people with physical disabilities.

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Regardless of the input device used,

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websites and apps that provide sufficient
time to type and to complete tasks

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are easier to use for people
with physical disabilities

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because it might take people longer
to navigate and type,

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and to correct typing mistakes.

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Providing clear headings and instructions

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helps people to understand the tasks

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and reduces the time
needed to complete them.

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This includes instructions for
forms and functionality,

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as well as error messages and dialogues.

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Finally, websites and apps that work in

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both portrait and landscape orientation

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are easier to use for people

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who have their devices mounted to their

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wheelchair, desk, or bed.

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You can help make technology
accessible to me.

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Accessibility: it's about people.

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Speech Disabilities.

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Speech disabilities

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affect how people speak,

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including not speaking,

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or speaking in a range of different

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patterns, pitches and sounds.

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Some people do not speak at all.

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This can include people

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who are Deaf,

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autistic, have injured or no vocal organs,

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or have other conditions

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impacting physical

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or cognitive speech production.

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Unfortunately,

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although it's a common misperception,

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speaking differently

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is not an indication of a person's

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intellectual capabilities.

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Many people stutter, pause,

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or pronounce words

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in a range of different

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patterns, pitches and utterances

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due to various disabilities.

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While you might be able to understand me,

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automatic speech recognition systems

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often don't.

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Some people use a variety of different

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assistive technologies

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to generate speech.

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to generate speech.

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I use software for generating speech,

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which is often

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not recognized

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by automatic speech recognition.

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Websites and apps

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that require speech input

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can be a barrier for people

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with speech disabilities,

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especially when they rely on

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automatic speech recognition.

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Instead,

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 websites and apps such as customer

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support systems

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need to provide alternatives

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to voice calls, like chat or email.

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You can help make

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technology accessible to me.

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Accessibility: It's about people.

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Visual Disabilities.

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Visual disabilities affect how people see,

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including partial vision
in one or both eyes, not seeing at all,

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or seeing in a range of different ways
including colors and brightness.

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People
who are blind use assistive technology

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on computers and mobile phones
called screen readers.

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These software tools
can read the information

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on the screen out loud,
or they can present it in Braille.

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Screen readers can process websites
and apps with correctly coded headings,

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lists, links, buttons,
and other structures much better.

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Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, 
often north and south along a flyway,

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between breeding and wintering grounds.

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Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs.

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(A map of the world, showing some example bird migration routes image)

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Websites and apps

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also need to work with a keyboard
and have text alternatives for images.

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However,
most people with visual disabilities

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are not blind
but have some form of low vision.

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This means that people can partially see,

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just not clearly,
or within the full range of vision.

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Some people with low vision
use screen magnification software

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as a digital magnifying glass
to enlarge everything on the screen.

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This includes images, text
and the mouse pointer.

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With this, people only see small
parts of the screen at a time,

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so they rely on visual cues
and consistent design in websites

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and apps to stay oriented
and navigate effectively.

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Others with low

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vision might not use
the same assistive technology.

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They might adjust properties in the web,
browser or operating system,

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such as increasing the default text size
to better see the text.

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Websites and apps that are programed
and designed to adapt to the properties

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set by the users, such as different text
sizes, font type and line spacing.

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Allow people to use the content without
the text overlapping, getting cropped

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or requiring them to scroll
both vertically and horizontally.

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People who cannot distinguish certain
colors are often called “color blind”.

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Websites and apps that avoid

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text with low contrast,

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are easier to use.

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It’s also important that websites and apps
don’t use only color

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to communicate information,
but do use text and symbols in addition

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to color, such as an asterisk
to indicate required input fields.

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Some people are sensitive to bright light,

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so it's important that websites and apps
can adapt to the color schemes

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that people set in their browsers
and operating systems.

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You can make technology accessible to me.

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Accessibility: It's about people.

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For more information

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from the Web Accessibility Initiative

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on How People With Disabilities

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Use Digital Technology

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visit w3.org/WAI/people